/6 random thrown rod
It was already mentioned, but I will state it again. CHECK THE PART NUMBER OF THE FILTER. Google it, be sure it is the right one. You should be able to see it without removing it. If it is right, have it removed by a certified mechanic who will sign an affidavit about what he finds. Have him remove it, cut it open and take pictures. A bad filter - collapsed internally, stuck anti drain back valve, or something else could have caused your problem.
If you find something document it with pictures and the signed description of what it was - then go after them for a new engine.
FYI, if you don't already know the thrown rod (if it has) or spun / bad rod bearing coming on all of a sudden is most likely caused by no oil pressure. Did your oil pressure warning light function before you took it in to the shop, did it ever come on?
Also, check the wire for the oil pressure light. It is possible that they dislodged it and knocked it off the oil pressure switch, so you (and they!) did not realize there was no oil pressure caused by a bad / incorrect filter.
Rant over, hope the ideas help...