Just got the wind knocked out of me.

Don’t get hostile and make a bad situation for yourself or anyone else, but you really need to find out why you did not even get the opportunity to interview.
Who knows, maybe your record in HR is incomplete or wrong and they did not know that you met the qualifications and did the job previously. Not knowing your exact situation it is hard to advise, but maybe get your current or a former supervisor to go to bat for you and meet with someone at the HR department head level on your behalf to find out why you did not get an interview.
If they are worth working for at all and you present a case that you are just needing to understand what you need to do to get ready for the next opportunity they should sit with you and explain why.
Again, don’t burn any bridges, be cool, calm and honest.