Does anybody know why the tc would be stuck or if it may have damaged anything? Or will I be able to get it unstuck then position it correctly and put the thing back in?
You answered your own question, Zach. It sounds like you didn't engage the converter all the way when you installed.
Askin questions is good, but the converter's gotta come back out, so that's what has to happen before you can repair any damage. "However" you can get it out. I would use a length of chain bolted to the cross lugs on the converter and snatch it out with a slide hammer. You're not gonna hurt it further, because it's stuck. Whatever damage is done is already done. Any damage incurred by pulling it back out is a necessary evil.