Why did my headlights kill my car?

Both the battery positive cable and the main electrical feed from the battery go through the starter relay.
They make a junction there.
If the car has a rear window electric defrost grid, it probably has an optional HD alternator and wiring.
Otherwise power feeds are set up like this.
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The ammeter shows how much electricty is flowing in or out of the battery.
During normal driving even with lights on, there should be no discharge out of the battery.
At slow idle with lights and brakes on, it may discharge slightly.
If it does, then it should charge for a minute or two once the rpms come up to even slow driving speeds.

When you see other conditions on the ammeter, they can be a big clue as to whether there is an a failing alternator supply, an open circuit, or a short, etc.