The higher the number the more closed the aperture is. It let's in less light like the pupils in your eye when you go out in bright sun. Taking pictures in low light without a flash? Open the aperture up to let more light in.
Now the f stop can do some fun stuff with depth of field. (what is in focus and what is not) I like messing with the aperture and the shutter speed so that the foreground is in focus and the background is out of focus.