Yes we can see the damage. Any time the 'alternator gage' is maxed damage will occur. The only unknown is how much damage and how soon. The gage is showing current. Current is electrons moving. The gage indicates how many electrons moving through it - litterally around the base of the needle causing a magnetic field that moves the needle. Needle fully at C = Battery charging 40 amps (way too much). Needle fully at D = battery discharging 40 amps, also way too much.
Please do not drive the car with the alternator uncontrolled. Alternator producing power around 18 Volt will burn things up, and cook the battery.
You've probably noticed that items provided electricity at higher voltage, will draw more power.
For example, turning on the headlights with the engine off, the lights are dim. This is because they are only getting battery power at 12.5 Volts. When the engine is running, they are getting power from the alternator - approximately 14.5 volts. The bulb draws more current when the voltage is higher.
When voltage is high enough, the bulb will draw so much current it burns out right away.
The battery is similar,except it will cook the acid.
More about battery charging here
[URL]https://www.forabodiesonly.com/mopar/threads/charging-battery-with-alternator-warning.424783/[/URL]