So the company I owndoes heavy equipment welder and repair. I’ve worked on stuff like this for over 40years.
The axle flange that bolts to that if you undo that castle looking nut in the center will allow you to remove that wheel hub that the broken axle stud is in and have access to the back side. You will need to replace the seal while in there. It is no different than how a rear axle in a full floating truck rear end works. The hub you see there actually rides on two tapered roller bearings and races and floats independently. The slide in axle connects it to the rear end and turns the wheel.
Hope that helps. I know it is scary taking apart something g you may not know how it works but having the flange separate will give you way more confidence getting the broken bolt out. Those cones (wedges) on the bolt center and spread out the load. You need to take a small chisel and open them up just enough down the split to get it off. Just a Tiny amount and there looks to be some silicon on there as well. They need to move free for reassembly.